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*** ***
*** THE GUIDE TO TAB NOTATION : ***
*** HOW TO READ AND WRITE TAB ***
*** ***
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Written by Howard Wright
Howard.Wright@ed.ac.uk
OLGA_TABFAQ: V1.0
Last update : 1st September 1999
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*** Copyright Howard Wright and the olga-grunts ***
*** ***
*** This document may be distributed freely as long as
NO CHARGE is made ***
*** and my name and email address are not removed. If
you want to edit ***
*** or re-format this document for public consumption,
please contact me ***
*** first. If you try to make any money by selling this
guide to TAB, in ***
*** part or as a whole, you will be struck down by a bolt
of lightning. ***
*** Probably. ***
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I have now got a version of this guide in HTML.
If you would like a copy of the HTML version, drop me
a line.
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*** 1.0 WHAT IS TAB ***
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TAB or tablature is a method of writing down music played
on guitar or bass.
Instead of using symbols like in standard musical notation,
it uses ordinary
ASCII characters and numbers, making it ideal for places
like the internet
where anybody with any computer can link up, copy a TAB
file, and read it.
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*** 1.1 WHAT TAB WILL TELL YOU ***
****************************************
TAB will tell you what notes to play - it will tell you
which string to hit
and which fret to fret it at.
TAB will tell you where hammer-ons, pull-offs, bends,
slides, harmonics and
vibrato are used.
TAB will tell you what tuning the piece is in. If this
isn't given
explicitly, assume normal tuning. TAB should also give
you information
on use of capos etc.
TAB will give you an indication of the ryhthm of the
piece - i.e it will tell
you which are the long notes and which are the short notes.
However it will not tell you exactly how long or how
short they are.
This leads me on to ...
******************************************
*** 1.2 WHAT TAB WILL NOT TELL YOU ***
******************************************
TAB will (usually) not tell you the note lengths of the
notes - so in most
cases you will *have* to listen to the song yourself,
with the TAB in front
of you to work out the ryhthm of the notes.
TAB will not tell you which fingers you use to fret which
note.
TAB will (usually) not tell you anything about picking
and strumming -
you will have to decide for yourself where to use upstrokes/downstrokes
and so on.
*******************************************
*** 2.0 TAB NOTATION - THE BASICS ***
*******************************************
TAB is simple to read, and should be simple to write if
you want to submit
a song you have worked out yourself. The idea is this
:
You start out with 6 lines (or four for bass). These
correspond to the strings
of the instrument. The top line is the highest pitch string,
and the bottom
line is the lowest pitch string. Below is a blank bit
of TAB with the string
names at the left.
Numbers are written on the lines to show you where to
fret the string
with the left hand. If a zero appears , this means play
the open string.
Like standard musical notation, you read from left to
right to find
out what order to play the notes. The following piece
of TAB would mean
play the sequence of notes (E F F# G G# A) on the bottom
E string by
moving up a fret at a time, starting with the open string.
Here we have notes being played one at a time. If two
or more notes
are to be played together, they are written on top of
one another,
again just like standard notation.
Which would mean strum the same shape starting at the
bottom string, so
that each string is hit slightly later than the last string,
but all notes
will ring together. Below is am example of the same shape
again, but now
the gaps between the notes are bigger - so you would probably
pick the
strings separately instead of slowly strumming the shape.
You might ask - How do I know how fast or slow to play
this ?
Are all the notes supposed to be the same length ?
This is where TAB differs from standard notation. Most
often TAB
will *not* give you any information on the note lengths.
It is usually
left up to you to listen to the song to pick up the rhythm.
However - don't despair. TAB should give you some indications
of
timing. In the example above all the notes are evenly
spaced so you
can reasonably assume that the notes are the same length
(maybe all
eighth notes or quavers) but this may not always be true
- it depends on
who wrote the TAB.
As a general rule, the spacing of the notes on the TAB
should tell you
which notes are the long ones, and which are the short
and fast ones, but
obviously it won't tell you if a note is a triplet or
anything like
that. Again, this will depend strongly on the person who
wrote the
TAB.
As an example, here are the first few notes of the American
National
Anthem in TAB. You should see fairly clearly that the
different spacing
corresponds to the different note lengths.
Obviously it will be a lot easier to play the TAB for
a song you
know well than for a song you've never heard of because
you will
already be familiar with the ryhthms of the familiar song.
*****************************************
*** 2.1 OTHER SYMBOLS USED IN TAB ***
*****************************************
So far I've looked at what notes to play : which string
to hit, and
where to fret it. I've mentioned how to get an idea of
note lengths
by looking at the spaces between notes on the TAB, but
this can only
be a rough guide. You will always have to check with the
original track
to work out details of the rhythm.
A lot of other imprtant information can be included in
a piece of TAB.
This includes hammer-ons, pull offs, slides, bends, vibrato
and so on.
The standard practice is to write extra letters or symbols
between notes
to indicate how to play them. Here are the letters/symbols
most
often used :
h - hammer on
p - pull off
b - bend string up
r - release bend
/ - slide up
\ - slide down
v - vibrato (sometimes written as ~)
t - right hand tap
x - play 'note' with heavy damping
For slides, s is sometimes used to indicate either an
up or down slide.
Symbols for harmonics are explained below in Section 3.2
That last one, the x, is used to get a choppy, percussive
sound.
You usually use your fretting hand to lightly damp the
strings so
that when you pick the note it sounds dead.
Note that the use of 'x' is *totally* different from
the use of
an 'x' when giving chord shapes.
For example if you wrote the chord of D, you would see
:
EADGBE
xx0232
where the 'x's mean do not play this string.
In tab it is implicitly assumed that a string is not
played if it is not
marked. So the same chord in TAB would be :
with no 'x'. The x is is only used in TAB to represent
a heavily
muted string which is picked/strummed to give a percussive
sound.
There are a number of other symbols for things like whammy
bar bends,
pick scrapes and so on. There seems to be no particular
standard
way of writing these - details should be given in the
TAB to explain
what the symbols mean.
Bass TAB will probably need a few extra symbols to cope
with the
different techniques used in bass playing - for example
slapping
and 'popping' the string with thumb or middle finger.
You could use 's' for slap and 'p' for pop as long as
you wrote
them *underneath* the lines of tab to distinguish them
from slide
and pull off which would be written *on* the lines of
tab.
****************************************
*** 2.2 HAMMER ONS AND PULL OFFS ***
****************************************
With hammer-ons and pull-offs you might find things like
these :
Here we have a descending blues scale using pull-offs
to the open
strings. For each pull off you only pick the first note
of the pair
with the right hand - so in this example you would pick
all the
notes on the 3rd and 2nd frets, and the open strings would
be
sounded by pulling off.
Because you give the string an extra bit of energy when
you hammer on
and pull off, you only need to hit the first note with
the picking hand.
You could even have a long string of hammer-ons and pull-offs
like
this :
Note - you might see other symbols used to mean hammer
on or pull off, for
example ^ can be use to mean hammer-on and pull-off.
e.g :
G---2^4^2----
which would mean "hit the note at the 2nd fret,
hammer-on to the 4th and
pull-off to the 2nd fret". It would make things easier
if everyone used
the same symbols, so unless you have a strong objection
to 'h' and `p`
please use those. In any case, for any tab you send you
should always
explain what your symbols mean so if you use anything
'unconventional'
make sure you explain what it means.
When bends are involved you need to know how much to bend
the note
up. This is indicated by writing a number after the 'b'.
For example, if you see this :
it means strike the B string at the 7th fret, then bend
the note up
two semitones (one whole step) so that it sounds the same
pitch as
a note fretted at the 9th fret would do. (Sometimes the
bend is
written with the second part in brackets, like this ---7b(9)---
)
means play the note at the 7th fret, bend up two semitones,
strike the
note again whilst it is still bent, then release the bend
so that the
note has it's normal pitch.
Sometimes a pre-bend is used - this is where the string
is bent up
*before* the note is struck. After striking the note,
the bend is
released. Pre-bends are usually written like this:
This means: fret the note at the 7th fret and bend the
string up two
semitones (without actually playing the note). Now strike
the string and
release the bend.
You sometimes get a note which is bent up only a quarter
of a tone or so.
In this case it would look a bit strange to write :
B--------7b7.5--------
if you have to bend it up half a fret's worth.
Instead it's written as :
bend up 1/4 tone
E----------------------------------------------------------------
B------7b--------------------------------------------------------
G----------------------------------------------------------------
D----------------------------------------------------------------
A----------------------------------------------------------------
E----------------------------------------------------------------
with instructions on how much to bend written above the
note.
where the exact start or finish of a slide is not given.
Here you
have to know whether you're sliding up or down. In these
cases use
your judgement to choose the starting or finishing fret.
The effect
usually desired is to have a note 'swooping in' from a
lower pitch
or dropping suddenly in pitch as the note fades.
You could have a whole series of slides running together,
like this
which would mean you only strike the first note with
the pick using
the sustain to produce the other notes.
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*** 2.5 NOTE LENGTH INFORMATION ***
***************************************
Occasionally you will find TAB which includes information
on all
of the note lengths. There seems to be no particular 'standard'
way of doing this, but it usually involves a line of letters
or
symbols above the TAB.
See below (Section 3.2 part 6) for more details.
If the explanation of the timing symbols is not given
in the TAB
then you've got a problem !
In this case a quick email to the author to ask for enlightenment
is the only way forward.
--------
That's all I *think* you need to know about reading and
writing TAB.
If there's anything important you think I've left out
or if there
are bits of the FAQ which you can't understand then let
me know.
